Chronology of objects
Nicholas Zharkikh
Shortened text of the section. Full text in ukrainian version.
They write, that a state of emergency has been introduced in the Belgorod region, as in the event of a flood or other natural disaster. Indeed, as in the classics: "And there was a flood, and there was a fire; only there was no enemy invasion." Are they going to defend themselves against Ukrainian troops with fire water cannons? "You are on the right path, comrades!" (August 14, 2024 at 8:40 am).
Now it is necessary to put together the observations made above on the chronology of mentions of the object names from the SRG.
The chronology of names is not exactly the same as the chronology of the objects themselves. For example, there can be no doubt that the Byzantine Tamatarcha, the ancient Rus’ Tmutarakan, the Genoese Matrega, or the modern Taman are more or less one object to which different names were applied.
Dates are divided into 4 periods – until mid-13th century (well, until 1240, before the end of the great Tatar campaign in Rus’), then the period with the poorest resources in the 2nd half 13 – 3 quarter 14th century, period 4 quarter 14 – 1 half 15th century (which contains all the proposed dating variants of the SRG) and the period from 2 half 15th century The sign "+" means the presence of many references, in the last period it mostly indicates the existence of the object until our time.
These tables allow you to decide Maximin’s problem for each group: from among the earliest mentions of objects in the group, the latest should be selected. We will call this date the most early date (KRD). It should be assumed that the records of the group (or the hypothetical document used in its compilation) could not have appeared earlier than the KRD, only later.
Of equal interest are the latest dates of group objects, from which the earliest should be selected (the minimax problem) – most late date (KPD). Although the records in the SRG can (theoretically) lag far behind the date of disappearance (last mention) of the object itself, these KPDs are also food for thought.
Typically, the KPD should be greater than the KRD: in the interval between these dates, all objects of the group existed at the same time. If the KPD is lower than the KRD, this may indicate the incompleteness of the chronological data and / or the formal unification into one group of objects that do not actually form a whole.
The work of collecting these dates was constantly accompanied by attacks of rotting straw people on Kyiv and power outages.
"Bulgarian" group
Table on 8 lines. In order to determine the chronology of the objects of this group in detail, I lack the knowledge of the history of Bulgaria, which I am not able to delve into. But the KRD turns on itself – 1412 (Kilia). KPD – 1388 (Drestvin).
I have already noted that Kilia looks like an foreigner in the "Bulgarian" group – based on its geographical location. Now we see that it is foreign and on the basis of chronology – because of it, the group’s KRD turned out to be greater than the KPD.
"Moldavian" group
They write, that potato führer Luka decided to remind the world of his existence and declared that "the "denazification" of Ukraine is complete and negotiations can begin."
Luka, I don’t understand, how is it so? And where is "Kyiv in three days"? Where is the flag of the Rotten Potato Reich that you, Luka, should have thrown at the foot of the Independence Monument on Khreschatyk in Kyiv?
Well, if you were not destined to conquer Kyiv, then at least you could conquer NATO, right? No one interfered with you in this – at least you would be of some benefit to the national economy.
Luka must think that everyone has already forgotten his old promises, but we have not forgotten anything (August 19, 2024 at 10:00).
A table of 10 lines. For this group, the KRD – KPD interval = 1397 – 1456 years and roughly coincides with the dating framework of the SRG.
"Podillja" group
Table for 10 lines. In this group, the KRD is determined by such an uncertainly localized object as Ilovech. If this late date is removed, then KRD = 1394, therefore, the document that formed the basis of this group was compiled at the turn of the 14th – 15th centuries.
"Hypatian" group
While I am writing my own science, the rotten-straw hordes are diligently trying to kill me. Well, or not me, but at least someone. Well, or not to kill, so to make noise.
So today (August 26, 2024) at 8:26 a.m. I heard three or four very faint distant explosions, and then at 8:34 a.m. five more (also deaf and distant).
They write, that anti-aircraft defense is working in Kyiv, that the Muscovites are attacking Vinnytsia, Khmelnytskyi, Kharkiv, and Lutsk. "Shaheds" observed in 11 regions (August 26, 2024 at 8:46 am).
Plus a series of distant, muffled explosions merged into one continuous, long sound (August 26, 2024 at 9:02 a.m.).
Plus three very distinct and relatively close explosions, and immediately after them – several more dull distant ones (August 26, 2024 at 9:08). And in the news about them remembered.
They write, that the air alert announced at 2:51 is still ongoing in Kyiv. I heard it around 3:00, but didn’t pay attention. And it has been going on for more than 8 hours. There is no electricity in the houses next to me (I saw this myself), and they write that in some places in Kyiv there are water interruptions due to a power outage (August 26, 2024 at 11:58).
They write: in the Kyiv region
the victim was a woman born in 1984 with a five-month-old child. Previously, the mother had a brain injury. The baby fell out of the pram – the girl has a scratch on her thigh.
Let me remind myself – two years ago, on August 24, 2022, I already had invented such an opportunity… (Aug 26, 2024 at 1:43 pm).
A table with 23 lines. As we can see, the group was named "Hypatian" for a reason: out of 23 dated objects in its composition, 7 were borrowed from the Kyiv Chronicle of the 12th century. + 5 more – from the "Primary Chronicle" or the Kyiv Chronicle. 3 more objects are mentioned only in the "Primary Chronicle".
Thus, in order to minimize the number of used sources, it should be assumed that the Hypatian Chronicle was used to compile this group – this explains the origin of 15 of the 23 records (65 %). Two records testify to the use of the Simeon Chronicle, one record to the use of the "Vytautas" Chronicle, and one to the Novgorod 1st Chronicle of the younger edition.
No chronological limitation can be drawn from the fact of using the Hypatian Chronicle; the first, early part of Simeon’s annals is dated to 1411. Myloslavitsy got into SRG from the "Vytautas" chronicle, written approximately in the 1430s. This fact narrows the dating of both this group and the SRG as a whole to the 1430-40s.
KRD of the group – 1198, KPD – 1071. The group was formed on the basis of literary sources, these extreme dates in no way determine the period of coexistence of the listed objects.
"Siver" group
Table on 6 lines. The dated objects of the "Siver" group, as well as "Hypatian", have strong ancient Rus’ roots. But, unlike the "Hypatian" group, there are no "dead" objects here, which disappeared long before the middle of the 15th century. Therefore, it should be assumed that the source here was not an annals, but a document similar to the SGS (in which all five objects are listed).
The form of the name of the two objects points to the Simeon Chronicle, although such an indication is a weak argument.
"Dnieper-Left Bank" group
They write: the great Muscovite attack on August 26, 2024 resulted in 7 deaths and 47 injuries.
Today before dawn (somewhere at 5:13) I heard a rather powerful and distinct explosion. They write about a missile-drone attack by Muscovites, downed attacking vehicles and fires in the forest area around the left-bank part of Kyiv.
And the light as a result of attack: it was turned on at 4:15, and at 7:22 it was turned off again. My computer is running on a charger (August 27, 2024 at 8:00 am).
It is currently known about 4 dead and 16 injured from the morning attack of Muscovites (August 27, 2024 at 12:14).
Table on 4 lines. This mysterious, very low-quality group probably comes from a separate document, the time of which – I repeat – can be limited to the 1430-40s.
"Dnieper-Pripyat" group
17-line table. Many objects of this group also have Old Rus’ roots, however, the table shows a complete failure of news about these objects in the second period and their reappearance in the 3rd period. It should be thought that the source here was a document of the 1430-40s, to some extent organized geographically. A later trade privilege of 1488 shows what this early document might have been.
"Volyn-Halych" group
Tonight around 2:00 am I heard air raid sirens and at dawn around 5:05 am one distant explosion (maybe I overslept the earlier and / or later explosions).
And here they write that I heard everything correctly: air alarm lasted from 2 to 7 o’clock, air defense was working in Kyiv, there is damage from the falling debris of downed Moscow air vehicles (August 29, 2024 at 8:07 a.m.)
A table with 26 lines. Thanks to the location of the group in the territory of modern western Ukraine, we have an increase in the number of source references for the second period. For the compilation of this group, the Hypatian chronicle was undeniably used (Khorobor – 145; Volyn – 161); it is possible to think that the form of the name from this chronicle influenced the spelling Pinesk (172).
Undeniably, the "Vytautas" chronicle was used (Zhytomel – 139). Name form Zudechev is not chronicled, it appears at the end of the 14th century. A number of objects in this group were recorded for the first time in the 3rd period, which gives an approximate date for the composition of this group (or the document that was its basis).
"Chaotic" group
Table on 3 lines. This small group contains objects that existed under the specified names from the beginning of the 13th century. They do not provide data for dating SRG.
"Lithuanian" group
Today at dawn (5:25 – 5:36) I heard a series of both relatively close and more distant explosions, I counted up to 15 separate explosions and, besides them, there were also clear lines of three explosions (probably the work of anti-aircraft artillery). Several more times I heard a long hum lasting several seconds (I don’t know what it could be). Another explosion was heard separately around 6:05.
AND write, which was a combined attack of Muscovite cruise and ballistic missiles and drones. There are fires in 4 districts of Kyiv, and there are victims (no details yet) (September 2, 2024 at 7:57).
A table with 32 lines. Four objects of the group show KRD = 1387 year. The late mention of Holshany is probably a coincidence (I repeat my assumption – the existence of the settlement was combined by the scribe with the surname of the Holshansky princes). All dated objects of the group (except the literary Nemyza) exist until our time, it is impossible to determine the KPD.
If we ignore the sequence of references in the SRG, the group is clearly divided into two subgroups – "Belarusian" (where there are settlements with an Old Rus’ past) and "Neman" (or Lithuanian proper), where there are no references to the Old Rus’ era, and they appear in sources of the Teutonic Order from the 4th quarter 13th century.
One literary object (Nemyza – 202) is borrowed from the "Primary Chronicle" (I will repeat what was said above – probably from the Hypatian Chronicle). But it is placed among Belarusian objects – just as the literary Volyn (161) is placed in the "Volyn" group. These examples of the relatively successful placement of names extracted from the annals show that the scribe did make efforts to spread names little known to him across regions, although these efforts were not always successful.
"Toropets-Jerusalem" group
A table of 35 lines. In this group there are two literary objects valuable for our task – Shernesk (233) and Onuze (241). Both records have as their source chronicles from the "Chronicle of 1418" group (from S1LSI or NKЛ or N4L), from which the restriction on the date follows – after 1418.
The use of the Hypatian Chronicle is evidenced by the records of Devyagoresk (234), Bozhesk (235), Sutesk (243), Golotychesk (255), Shumesk (256), Samara (272), possibly Biloberezhye (271).
Obolenesk (242) with considerable probability attests to the use of the Simeon Chronicle.
The KRD of the group is determined by the mention of Mezesk (238) – 1432.
There are at least three objects in the group, the earliest mentioned at the beginning of the 16th century: Belaa (230), Rzhyshchiv (270), Tur (276). Also, the earliest mention of Mglin a is vaguely dated to the middle of the 15th century. Unfortunately, it should be admitted that the SRG gives earlier references to these objects.
"Smolensk" group
Two nights in a row (2 / 3 and 3 / 4 September) I heard air alarms, and they wrote about the work of anti-aircraft defense of Kyiv, but I personally did not hear it.
However, I consider it necessary to note the impact of rotten-straw missiles (Iskander?) on Poltava – at the end of September 3 reported about 51 dead and 219 wounded, and there were still people under the rubble. Our "allies" prefer to huff and puff, but not to act (September 4, 2024 at 7:59).
Even more: "allies" help Muscovites, the Iskander-M missiles contain at least 27 components produced in the West. It is still unknown – whose will be on top, then it is necessary to play on both sides (September 5, 2024 at 11:29).
Table on 7 lines. The "Smolensk" group does not provide anything specific for dating the origin of this block of records. Mstislavech (292) was mentioned for the first time in 1496, and once again we have to consider the entry in the SRG as the earliest evidence of its existence.
"Ryazan" group
Table for 12 lines. Data for the dating of the "Ryazan" group are very poor. We have here 4 objects borrowed from the Hypatian chronicle, and then objects with early dates of mid-15th century, 1483 and even 1551.
This, together with the mysterious early mention of Old Ryazan and the even more mysterious Novy Olgov town, may indicate that, in addition to the annals, some local oral source was used to compile the group.
"Bobruisk" group
I didn’t hear anything special tonight, and write that anti-aircraft defense worked three times in Kyiv.
And everything is very bad in Poltava: write about 53 killed and 271 injured – and that, apparently, is not the end. Also another attack Horde staged in Lviv on September 4: 7 killed, 47 injured (September 5, 2024 at 7:57).
Table on 8 lines. The dating of objects in this group is just as bad as in the "Ryazan" group: we have two historical names from the Hypatian Chronicle and three objects with first mentions from the end of the 15th century. And for them, we have to assume the earliest mention in SRG and some mysterious oral source.
"Murom" group
A table with 23 lines. This group is dominated by well-known objects with a wide dating. Formally, the KRD is defined by the late references of Starodub Vochskyi (342) – 1461 and Gorokhovets (347) – 1500, but against the background of the good knowledge of the compiler of the group with the objects of the region, these early references from the SRG can be trusted.
The mention of the ephemeral Yaropolch (346) sets the formal KPD of the group – 1389, but it cannot be given special importance, because late mentions of ancient objects are a common thing in SRG and in all written sources.
The KRD of the group is probably determined by the mention of Ples (356) in 1410.
"Vladimir" group
Rescue work in Poltava finished, we have 55 killed and 328 injured, but there are still wounded in intensive care and in serious condition, many seriously wounded have lost their limbs. We live in the midst of such news (September 6, 2024 at 10:23).
A table with 17 lines. This group gives us a solid indication of the time and place of the group’s formation (and probably the SRG as a whole) – it is a mention of the literary Kleshchyn (373), which first appeared in the Novgorod Karamzin Chronicle, dated to 1428, and further spread in Novgorod chronicles. So, 2 quarter 15th century, Veliky Novgorod.
About the ephemeral Bolonesk (388), we should repeat what was said above about Yaropolch.
The KRD of the group is given by the mention of Luzha (386) in 1382.
"Odoev" group
Table on 9 lines. The KRD of the group is given by the mention of Bezhitskyi Verkh (399) in 1397.
"Novgorod" group
Today, from 3:10 to 3:15 at night, I heard a distant explosion, distant shooting, then the characteristic whine of the "Shahed’s" engine, then a loud, sharp, nearby explosion, and saw a series of anti-aircraft artillery shots from the window. Then I saw how one small light speck slowly fell and fell somewhere on the right bank, on Pechersk. At the place of it fall, there was a spark from the flash, but I did not hear a sound.
And wrote that the anti-aircraft defense forces destroyed all the attacking Shaheds, debris fell in four places in the Pechersk district, seems without consequences. I think, I saw a fall in one of the places (September 7, 2024 at 7:45).
A table with 23 lines. Two very notable features of this group are the active use of the Novgorod 1st Chronicle (7 indisputable objects and 3 possible) and the Novgorod 4th Chronicle (3 indisputable objects and two possible). It should be noted that the 4th chronicle was used for the last 5 records of the group that form the "Shelon" subgroup (allocated earlier on the basis of geographical observations). I assume that this subgroup was added to the "Novgorod" group at one time using the 4th chronicle, traces of which are no longer visible anywhere in the SRG.
The undeniably good familiarity of the scribe of the group with the region allows us to trust the mentions in the SRG of objects known from other sources since 1483 (Sterzh – 417, Velil – 419).
The formal KRD of the group is given by the mention of Berezovets in 1441 (416), but since this object is ephemeral (known only from one record), this date should not be given much importance, just like the ephemeral records mentioned above.
"Pskov" group
Table on 11 lines. This group is characterized by the fact that it relies exclusively on Pskov chronicles. I think it is safe to assume the existence of a separate Pskov list, which was included in the SRG, perhaps at the same time as the "Shelon" subgroup.
The KRD of the group is determined by the mention of Vrevo (440) in 1426. The formal KPD is given by Kolozhe (439), an ephemeral object mentioned for the first and last time in 1406.